Which statement best reflects AMD risk factors as described?

Which statement best reflects AMD risk factors as described?

• A. Positive family history, UV exposure, smoking, and age are risk factors
• B. Only age is a risk factor
• C. UV exposure is the only risk factor
• D. Smoking is not a risk factor

Answer: (A)

Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration include age, genetic predisposition (family history), smoking, and exposure to UV light. Age is the primary non-modifiable factor—the risk increases as people get older. A positive family history indicates inherited susceptibility, so having relatives with AMD raises risk. Smoking is a well-established modifiable risk factor; the longer and more intensely a person smokes, the greater the risk, and quitting can reduce risk over time. UV exposure has also been described as a contributor because cumulative light exposure can cause oxidative stress to the macula, though its impact is less strong than that of age or smoking. The statement that lists all four factors aligns with what is described about AMD risk factors.

Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration include age, genetic predisposition (family history), smoking, and exposure to UV light. Age is the primary non-modifiable factor—the risk increases as people get older. A positive family history indicates inherited susceptibility, so having relatives with AMD raises risk. Smoking is a well-established modifiable risk factor; the longer and more intensely a person smokes, the greater the risk, and quitting can reduce risk over time. UV exposure has also been described as a contributor because cumulative light exposure can cause oxidative stress to the macula, though its impact is less strong than that of age or smoking. The statement that lists all four factors aligns with what is described about AMD risk factors.